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The Yamnaya culture [a] or the Yamna culture, [b] also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Eneolithic (Copper Age) to early Bronze Age archaeological culture concentrating in the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), but extending to the Carpathian Basin in the west and the Altai Mountains in the east, and dating ...
According to this model, the Kurgan culture gradually expanded to the entire Pontic–Caspian steppe, Kurgan IV being identified with the Yamnaya culture of around 3000 BC. The mobility of the Kurgan culture facilitated its expansion over the entire region and is attributed to the domestication of the horse followed by the use of early chariots ...
In addition to individuals of the Yamnaya culture, very similar ancestry is also found in individuals of the closely related Afanasievo culture near the Altai Mountains and the Poltavka culture on the Middle Bronze Age steppe. This genetic component is known as Steppe Early to Middle Bronze Age (Steppe EMBA), or Yamnaya-related ancestry.
The Sredny Stog culture: 5,000 BCE: is a pre-Kurgan archaeological culture of the 5th millennium BCE. The Yamna culture: 3,500 to 2,300 BCE: or Yamnaya culture, also called Pit Grave Culture and Ochre Grave Culture was a late Copper Age/early Bronze Age culture of the Southern Bug/Dniester/Ural region (the Pontic steppe) The Poltavka culture ...
Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe. [c] This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry, and was formed from EHG and CHG (Caucasus hunter-gatherer) in about equal proportions. [87]
Haak et al. (2015) envision a migration from the Yamnaya culture into Germany. [61] Allentoft et al. (2015) envision a migration from the Yamnaya culture towards north-western Europe via Central Europe, and towards the Baltic area and the eastern periphery of the Corded Ware culture via the territory of present-day Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. [1]
The early Yamnaya horizon spread quickly across the Pontic-Caspian steppes between ca. 3400 and 3200 BCE. [64] According to Anthony, "the spread of the Yamnaya horizon was the material expression of the spread of late Proto-Indo-European across the Pontic-Caspian steppes."
The link to the Yamnaya-culture, in the contact zone of western and central Europe between Rhine and Vistula (Poland), [226] is as follows: Yamnaya culture (c. 3300 –2600 BC) – Corded Ware culture (c. 3100 –2350 BCE) – Bell Beaker culture (c. 2800 –1800 BC) – Unetice culture (c. 2300 –1680 BCE) – Tumulus culture (c. 1600 –1200 ...