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The relative risk (RR) or risk ratio is the ratio of the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. Together with risk difference and odds ratio , relative risk measures the association between the exposure and the outcome.
Only if there is a favorable risk–benefit ratio may a study be considered ethical. The Declaration of Helsinki , adopted by the World Medical Association , states that biomedical research cannot be done legitimately unless the importance of the objective is in proportion to the risk to the subject.
Both the relative risk and odds ratio are relevant in retrospective cohort studies, but only the odds ratio can be used in case-control studies. Although most case-control studies are retrospective, they can also be prospective when the researcher still enrolls participants based on the occurrence of a disease as new cases occur. [citation needed]
In medical research, the odds ratio is commonly used for case-control studies, as odds, but not probabilities, are usually estimated. [34] Relative risk is commonly used in randomized controlled trials and cohort studies, but relative risk contributes to overestimations of the effectiveness of interventions. [35]
Although in classical case–control studies, it remains true that the odds ratio can only approximate the relative risk in the case of rare diseases, there is a number of other types of studies (case–cohort, nested case–control, cohort studies) in which it was later shown that the odds ratio of exposure can be used to estimate the relative ...
Past research shows that regular cannabis use can increase a person’s risk for several health concerns, including risk factors for dementia. ... So you can do a risk-benefit ratio for people ...
The hazard ratio would be 2, indicating a higher hazard of death from the treatment. For example, a scientific paper might use an HR to state something such as: "Adequate COVID-19 vaccination status was associated with significantly decreased risk for the composite of severe COVID-19 or mortality with a[n] HR of 0.20 (95% CI, 0.17–0.22)."
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