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Peak-to-peak amplitude (abbreviated p–p or PtP or PtoP) is the change between peak (highest amplitude value) and trough (lowest amplitude value, which can be negative). With appropriate circuitry, peak-to-peak amplitudes of electric oscillations can be measured by meters or by viewing the waveform on an oscilloscope .
It follows that, for two sinusoidal signals and with same frequency and amplitudes and , and has phase shift +90° relative to , the sum + is a sinusoidal signal with the same frequency, with amplitude and phase shift < < + from , such that = + = /.
Diagram of the relationship between the different types of frequency and other wave properties. In this diagram, x is the input to the function represented by the arrow. Rotational frequency , usually denoted by the Greek letter ν (nu), is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of the number of rotations , N , with respect to time: ν = d ...
Instantaneous phase and frequency are important concepts in signal processing that occur in the context of the representation and analysis of time-varying functions. [1] The instantaneous phase (also known as local phase or simply phase ) of a complex-valued function s ( t ), is the real-valued function:
The relationship between frequency (proportional to energy) and wavenumber or velocity (proportional to momentum) is called a dispersion relation. Light waves in a vacuum have linear dispersion relation between frequency: ω = c k {\displaystyle \omega =ck} .
Frequency dispersion of surface gravity waves on deep water. The red square moves with the phase velocity, and the green dots propagate with the group velocity. In this deep-water case, the phase velocity is twice the group velocity. The red square traverses the figure in the time it takes the green dot to traverse half.
The Q factor is a parameter that describes the resonance behavior of an underdamped harmonic oscillator (resonator). Sinusoidally driven resonators having higher Q factors resonate with greater amplitudes (at the resonant frequency) but have a smaller range of frequencies around that frequency for which they resonate; the range of frequencies for which the oscillator resonates is called the ...
Its amplitude decreases with frequency and it falls to 63% of its peak value at half the sampling frequency and it is zero at multiples of that frequency (since f s =1/W). The second term in the equation is called the Fourier transform of the discrete signal s n .