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  2. Electron mass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_mass

    The electron relative atomic mass also enters into the calculation of all other relative atomic masses. By convention, relative atomic masses are quoted for neutral atoms, but the actual measurements are made on positive ions, either in a mass spectrometer or a Penning trap. Hence the mass of the electrons must be added back on to the measured ...

  3. Mass-to-charge ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratio

    Some disciplines use the charge-to-mass ratio (Q/m) instead, which is the multiplicative inverse of the mass-to-charge ratio. The CODATA recommended value for an electron is ⁠ Q / m ⁠ = −1.758 820 008 38 (55) × 10 11 C⋅kg −1 .

  4. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    Thus the effective charge of an electron is actually smaller than its true value, and the charge decreases with increasing distance from the electron. [103] [104] This polarization was confirmed experimentally in 1997 using the Japanese TRISTAN particle accelerator. [105] Virtual particles cause a comparable shielding effect for the mass of the ...

  5. Elementary charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge

    Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)

  6. Electric charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

    The proton has a charge of +e, and the electron has a charge of −e. Today, a negative charge is defined as the charge carried by an electron and a positive charge is that carried by a proton . Before these particles were discovered, a positive charge was defined by Benjamin Franklin as the charge acquired by a glass rod when it is rubbed with ...

  7. Proton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

    A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H +, or 1 H + with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio).

  8. J. J. Thomson - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson

    This became the classic means of measuring the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron. Later in 1899 he measured the charge of the electron to be of 6.8 × 10 −10 esu. [33] Thomson believed that the corpuscles emerged from the atoms of the trace gas inside his cathode-ray tubes. He thus concluded that atoms were divisible, and that the ...

  9. Charge invariance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_invariance

    Accelerate that electron, and the charge, spin and mass assigned to it in all physical laws in the frame at rest and the moving frame remain the same – e, , m e. In contrast, the particle's total relativistic energy or de Broglie wavelength change values between the reference frames. The origin of charge invariance, and all relativistic ...