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The neurologic deficits related to central venous thromboses does not necessarily affect one side of the body or one arterial or brain territory as is more common "arterial" strokes. [3] [6] Bilateral sixth cranial nerve palsies may occur, causing abnormalities related to eye movement, but this is rare. [6]
More rarely, the oculomotor nerve and trochlear nerve (third and fourth nerve palsy, respectively) are affected; both play a role in eye movements. [7] [8] The facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve) is affected occasionally – the result is total or partial weakness of the muscles of facial expression on one or both sides of the face. [5]
Conversely, a lower motor neuron lesion affects nerve fibers traveling from the anterior horn of the spinal cord or the cranial motor nuclei to the relevant muscle(s). [ 1 ] Upper motor neuron lesions occur in the brain or the spinal cord as the result of stroke , multiple sclerosis , traumatic brain injury , cerebral palsy , atypical ...
As the brainstem contains numerous cranial nuclei and white matter tracts, a stroke in this area can have a number of unique symptoms depending on the particular blood vessel that was injured and the group of cranial nerves and tracts that are no longer perfused.
Focal neurological deficits may be caused by a variety of medical conditions such as head trauma, [1] tumors or stroke; or by various diseases such as meningitis or encephalitis or as a side effect of certain medications such as those used in anesthesia. [2] Neurological soft signs are a group of non-focal neurologic signs. [3]
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as hemorrhagic stroke, is a sudden bleeding into the tissues of the brain (i.e. the parenchyma), into its ventricles, or into both. [3] [4] [1] An ICH is a type of bleeding within the skull and one kind of stroke (ischemic stroke being the other).
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP) is a peripheral neuropathy, a condition that affects the nerves. [4] Pressure on the nerves can cause tingling sensations, numbness, pain, weakness, muscle atrophy and even paralysis of the affected area. In normal individuals, these symptoms disappear quickly, but in sufferers of ...
Functional electric stimulation (FES) is a NMES technique where nerves or muscles affected by stroke receive bursts of low-level electrical current. [84] [85] [page needed] The goal of FES is to strengthen muscle contraction and improve motor control. [84] It may be effective in reducing subluxation and the pain associated with subluxation.