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In these events, software companies were often arranged at the front of a large conference room in order: planning, design, construction, maintenance management, and asset management. The COBie data flow (COBie is about building equipment only) was demonstrated. Over 90% of those participating delivered information in the COBie spreadsheet format.
The 16 Divisions of construction, as defined by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)'s MasterFormat, is the most widely used standard for organizing specifications and other written information for commercial and institutional building projects in the U.S. and Canada.
Some of these were similar to accounting ledger paper. They became known as green sheets or spreadsheets. With the advent of computers in business, estimators began using spreadsheet applications like VisiCalc, Lotus 1-2-3, and Microsoft Excel to duplicate the traditional tabular format, while automating redundant mathematical formulas. [2] [3]
The latest officially released version of MasterFormat is the 2018 Edition, which uses the following Divisions: PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS GROUP:
A sample is a physical portion of the specified product. Some samples are full product samples, such as a brick or section of precast concrete, or a partial sample that indicates color or texture. [2] The product sample is often required when several products are acceptable, to confirm the quality and aesthetic level of the material.
Shear and Bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam with a concentrated load at mid-span. Shear force and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear forces and bending moments at a given point of a structural element such as a beam.
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