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WPA-Personal and WPA2-Personal remain vulnerable to password cracking attacks if users rely on a weak password or passphrase. WPA passphrase hashes are seeded from the SSID name and its length; rainbow tables exist for the top 1,000 network SSIDs and a multitude of common passwords, requiring only a quick lookup to speed up cracking WPA-PSK. [34]
IEEE 802.11i-2004, or 802.11i for short, is an amendment to the original IEEE 802.11, implemented as Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2). The draft standard was ratified on 24 June 2004.
WPA2 has been found to have at least one security vulnerability, nicknamed Hole196. The vulnerability uses the WPA2 Group Temporal Key (GTK), which is a shared key among all users of the same BSSID, to launch attacks on other users of the same BSSID. It is named after page 196 of the IEEE 802.11i specification, where the vulnerability is discussed.
For example, WPA2 uses: DK = PBKDF2(HMAC−SHA1, passphrase, ssid, 4096, 256) PBKDF1 had a simpler process: the initial U (called T in this version) is created by PRF(Password + Salt), and the following ones are simply PRF(U previous). The key is extracted as the first dkLen bits of the final hash, which is why there is a size limit. [9]
It can be a password, a passphrase, or a hexadecimal string. The secret is used by all systems involved in the cryptographic processes used to secure the traffic between the systems. The secret is used by all systems involved in the cryptographic processes used to secure the traffic between the systems.
The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern access points come with built-in encryption. The first generation encryption scheme, WEP, proved easy to crack; the second and third generation schemes, WPA and WPA2, are considered secure [7] if a strong enough password or passphrase is used.
A passphrase is a sequence of words or other text used to control access to a computer system, program or data. It is similar to a password in usage, but a passphrase is generally longer for added security.
WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK ("WPA-Personal", pre-shared key) WPA3 [5] WPA with EAP ("WPA-Enterprise", for example with RADIUS authentication server) RSN: PMKSA caching, pre-authentication; IEEE 802.11r; IEEE 802.11w; Wi-Fi Protected Setup ; Included with the supplicant are a GUI and a command-line utility for interacting with the running supplicant.