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Cerebral atrophy can be hard to distinguish from hydrocephalus because both cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus involve an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. In cerebral atrophy, this increase in CSF volume comes as a result of the decrease in cortical volume. In hydrocephalus, the increase in volume happens due to the CSF itself. [20]
Diet and lifestyle modification (e.g. low-protein diet in diabetic nephropathy, smoking cessation, weight loss, improved nutrition, and regular exercise). [ 16 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Intensive management of coexisting conditions and risk factors (e.g. adequate control of blood pressure, diabetes and related metabolic abnormalities and lipid management).
Hydrocephalus ex vacuo is a condition in which there is ventriculomegaly due to loss of brain volume which then results in a subsequent increase in CSF. [19] This is most commonly seen in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (due to hippocampal atrophy specifically). [ 20 ]
The supratentorial region contains the cerebrum, while the infratentorial region contains the cerebellum. Although the Roman era anatomist Galen commented upon it, the functional significance of this neuroanatomical division was first described using ‘modern’ terminology by John Hughlings Jackson , founding editor of the medical journal Brain .
The volume and frequency is strongly associated with increasing age. [2] They are also seen in a number of neurological disorders and psychiatric illnesses . For example, deep white matter hyperintensities are 2.5 to 3 times more likely to occur in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder than control subjects.
White matter hyperintensities can be caused by a variety of factors, including ischemia, micro-hemorrhages, gliosis, damage to small blood vessel walls, breaches of the barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain, or loss and deformation of the myelin sheath.
Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. [1] This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume. [2] [3] Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration. [4]
The free border of the tentorium is U-shaped; it forms an aperture - the tentorial notch (tentorial incisure) - which gives passage to the midbrain.The free border of each side extends anteriorly beyond the medial end of the superior petrosal sinus (i.e. the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone [citation needed]) to overlap the attached margin, thenceforth forming a ridge of dura ...