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A schematic presentation of a gravitation water vortex power plant, showing the turbine in yellow. The gravitation water vortex power plant is a type of micro hydro vortex turbine system which converts energy in a moving fluid to rotational energy using a low hydraulic head of 0.7–3 metres (2 ft 4 in – 9 ft 10 in).
The energy balance of groundwater flow can be applied to flow of groundwater to subsurface drains. [2] The computer program EnDrain [3] compares the outcome of the traditional drain spacing equation, based on Darcy's law together with the continuity equation (i.e. conservation of mass), with the solution obtained by the energy balance and it can be seen that drain spacings are wider in the ...
where is the specific energy, is the specific volume, is the specific entropy, is the molecular mass, here is considered a constant (polytropic process), and can be shown to correspond to the heat capacity ratio. This equation can be shown to be consistent with the usual equations of state employed by thermodynamics.
Specific Pump Power (SPP) is a metric in fluid dynamics that quantifies the energy-efficiency of pump systems. It is a measure of the electric power that is needed to operate a pump (or collection of pumps), relative to the volume flow rate. It is not constant for a given pump, but changes with both flow rate and pump pressure.
In the mild reach, the hydraulic jump occurs downstream of the gate, but in the steep reach, the hydraulic jump occurs upstream of the gate. It is important to note that the gradually varied flow equations and associated numerical methods (including the standard step method) cannot accurately model the dynamics of a hydraulic jump. [6]
Specific energy has the same units as specific strength, which is related to the maximum specific energy of rotation an object can have without flying apart due to centrifugal force. The concept of specific energy is related to but distinct from the notion of molar energy in chemistry , that is energy per mole of a substance, which uses units ...
where q is the volume flux vector of the fluid at a particular point in the medium, h is the total hydraulic head, and K is the hydraulic conductivity tensor, at that point. The hydraulic conductivity can often be approximated as a scalar. (Note the analogy to Ohm's law in electrostatics. The flux vector is analogous to the current density ...
Power is a function of the hydraulic head and volumetric flow rate. The head is the energy per unit weight (or unit mass) of water. [5] The static head is proportional to the difference in height through which the water falls. Dynamic head is related to the velocity of moving water.