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The cores range in mass from a fraction to several times that of the Sun and are called protostellar (protosolar) nebulae. [2] They possess diameters of 0.01–0.1 pc (2,000–20,000 AU) and a particle number density of roughly 10,000 to 100,000 cm −3. [a] [35] [37] The initial collapse of a solar-mass protostellar nebula takes around 100,000 ...
The Ring nebula, a planetary nebula similar to what the Sun will become. This is a relatively peaceful event, nothing akin to a supernova, which the Sun is too small to undergo as part of its evolution. Any observer present to witness this occurrence would see a massive increase in the speed of the solar wind, but not enough to destroy a planet ...
A protoplanetary nebula or preplanetary nebula [1] (PPN, plural PPNe) is an astronomical object which is at the short-lived episode during a star's rapid evolution between the late asymptotic giant branch (LAGB) phase and the subsequent planetary nebula (PN) phase. A PPN emits strongly in infrared radiation, and is a kind of reflection nebula.
In astronomy or planetary science, the frost line, also known as the snow line or ice line, is the minimum distance from the central protostar of a solar nebula where the temperature is low enough for volatile compounds such as water, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide to condense into solid grains, which will allow their accretion into planetesimals.
The 15 N/ 14 N ratio of the protosolar nebula was 2.27 × 10 −3, which is the lowest 15 N/ 14 N ratio known for Solar System objects. This result demonstrates the extreme nitrogen isotopic heterogeneity of the nascent Solar System and accounts for the 15 N-depleted components observed in Solar System reservoirs. [32]
Most deuterium was created in the Big Bang or in supernovae, so its uneven distribution throughout the protosolar nebula was effectively "locked in" early in the formation of the Solar System. [34] By studying the different isotopic ratios of Earth and of other icy bodies in the Solar System, the likely origins of Earth's water can be researched.
While comets retain a strong signature of their ultimate interstellar origins, significant processing must have occurred in the protosolar nebula. [10] Early models of coma chemistry showed that reactions can occur rapidly in the inner coma, where the most important reactions are proton transfer reactions. [10]
A protostar is a very young star that is still gathering mass from its parent molecular cloud.It is the earliest phase in the process of stellar evolution. [1] For a low-mass star (i.e. that of the Sun or lower), it lasts about 500,000 years. [2]