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This article discusses nouns and adjectives; Proto-Indo-European pronouns are treated elsewhere. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) had eight or nine cases, three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and probably originally two genders (animate and neuter), with the animate later splitting into the masculine and the feminine.
The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, ... Nouns are given in their nominative case, with the ...
Proto-Indo-European nouns were probably declined for eight or nine cases: [48] nominative : marks the subject of a verb. Words that follow a linking verb ( copulative verb ) and restate the subject of that verb also use the nominative case.
Nouns usually derive from roots or verb stems by suffixation or by other means. (See the morphology of the Proto-Indo-European noun for some examples.) This can hold even for roots that are often translated as nouns: *ped-, for example, can mean 'to tread' or 'foot', depending on the ablaut grade and ending.
In Indo-European studies, a thematic vowel or theme vowel is the vowel *e [1] or *o from ablaut placed before the ending of a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word. Nouns, adjectives, and verbs in the Indo-European languages with this vowel are thematic, and those without it are athematic.
Proto-Indo-European verbs reflect a complex system of morphology, more complicated than the substantive, with verbs categorized according to their aspect [a], using multiple grammatical moods and voices, and being conjugated according to person, number and tense. In addition to finite forms thus formed, non-finite forms such as participles are ...
One of the most notable features that Ancient Greek has inherited from Proto-Indo-European is its use of verb "tense" to express both tense proper (present, past, or future) and the aspect of the time (as ongoing, simply taking place, or completed with a lasting result). The aspectual relation is expressed by the tenses in all the moods, while ...
In Proto-Indo-European, these are simply case forms of adjectives and thus better classified as nouns. An example is * meǵh₂ "greatly", a nominative-accusative singular. [ 8 ]