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The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants. Notes [ edit ]
The meaning of a reconstructed root is conventionally that of a verb; the terms root and verbal root are almost synonymous in PIE grammar. [citation needed] This is because, apart from a limited number of so-called root nouns, PIE roots overwhelmingly participate in verbal inflection through well-established morphological and phonological ...
The PIE phonology, particles, numerals, and copula are also well-reconstructed. Asterisks are used by linguists as a conventional mark of reconstructed words, such as * wódr̥, * ḱwn̥tós, or * tréyes; these forms are the reconstructed ancestors of the modern English words water, hound, and three, respectively.
PIE most likely could not have *r-alone in the onset of a root's syllable (apparent occurrences were *Hr-). Roots which ended in laryngeals are sometimes called disyllabic roots, as descendants in later languages would yield a disyllabic root, such as *ḱerh₂-"to mix", which later became kera in Greek. [14]
A Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root word may be: Proto-Indo-European root noun; Root aspect (root present and root aorist) in a Proto-Indo-European verb; See also.
In early PIE, the aspect system was less well-developed, and root verbs were simply used in their root aspects, with various derivational formations available for expressing more specific nuances. By late PIE, however, as the aspect system evolved, the need had arisen for verbs of a different aspect than that of the root.
Untranslated reflexes have the same meaning as the PIE word. In the following languages, two reflexes separated by a slash mean: English: Old English / Modern English; German: Old High German / New High German; Irish: Old Irish / Modern Irish; Persian: Old Persian / Modern Persian; Tocharian: Tocharian A / Tocharian B
The basic structure of Proto-Indo-European nouns and adjectives was the same as that of PIE verbs. A lexical word (as would appear in a dictionary) was formed by adding a suffix (S) onto a root (R) to form a stem. The word was then inflected by adding an ending (E) to the stem.