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The unit of insolation often used in the solar power industry is kilowatt hours per square metre (kWh/m 2). [12] The Langley is an alternative unit of insolation. One Langley is one thermochemical calorie per square centimetre or 41,840 J/m 2. [13]
The solar constant includes radiation over the entire electromagnetic spectrum. It is measured by satellite as being 1.361 kilo watts per square meter (kW/m 2) at solar minimum (the time in the 11-year solar cycle when the number of sunspots is minimal) and approximately 0.1% greater (roughly 1.362 kW/m 2) at solar maximum. [1]
[1] [2] In a high-yield solar area like central Colorado, which receives annual insolation of 2000 kWh/m 2 /year, [3] a panel can be expected to produce 400 kWh of energy per year. However, in Michigan, which receives only 1400 kWh/m 2 /year, [3] annual energy yield drops to 280 kWh for the same panel. At more northerly European latitudes ...
Direct insolation is measured in (W/m 2) or kilowatt-hours per square meter per day (kW·h/(m 2 ·day)). 1 kW·h/(m 2 ·day) = 1,000 W · 1 hour / ( 1 m 2 · 24 hours) = 41.67 W/m 2 In the case of photovoltaics, average direct insolation is commonly measured in terms of peak direct insolation as kWh/(kWp·y) (kilowatt hours per year per ...
The nominal power of PV devices is measured under standard test conditions (STC), specified in standards such as IEC 61215, IEC 61646 and UL 1703. Specifically, the light intensity is 1000 W/m 2, with a spectrum similar to sunlight hitting the Earth's surface at latitude 35°N in the summer (airmass 1.5), the temperature of the cells being 25 °C.
For example, a solar panel with 20% efficiency and an area of 1 m 2 produces 200 kWh/yr at Standard Test Conditions if exposed to the Standard Test Condition solar irradiance value of 1000 W/m 2 for 2.74 hours a day.
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