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In an optical fiber, the normalized frequency, V (also called the V number), is given by = =, where a is the core radius, λ is the wavelength in vacuum, n 1 is the maximum refractive index of the core, n 2 is the refractive index of the homogeneous cladding, and applying the usual definition of the numerical aperture NA.
When is normalized with reference to the sampling rate as ′ =, the normalized Nyquist angular frequency is π radians/sample. The following table shows examples of normalized frequency for f = 1 {\displaystyle f=1} kHz , f s = 44100 {\displaystyle f_{s}=44100} samples/second (often denoted by 44.1 kHz ), and 4 normalization conventions:
However, the dominant mode cutoff frequency can be reduced by the introduction of baffle inside the circular cross-section waveguide. [4] For a single-mode optical fiber, the cutoff wavelength is the wavelength at which the normalized frequency is approximately equal to 2.405.
In fiber optics, mode volume is the number of bound modes that an optical fiber is capable of supporting. [11]The mode volume M is approximately given by and (+), respectively for step-index and power-law index profile fibers, where g is the profile parameter, and V is the normalized frequency, which must be greater than 5 for this approximation to be valid.
The number of bound modes, the mode volume, is related to the normalized frequency and thus to the numerical aperture. In multimode fibers, the term equilibrium numerical aperture is sometimes used. This refers to the numerical aperture with respect to the extreme exit angle of a ray emerging from a fiber in which equilibrium mode distribution ...
In fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF), also known as fundamental- or mono-mode, [1] is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single mode of light - the transverse mode. Modes are the possible solutions of the Helmholtz equation for waves, which is obtained by combining Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions.