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In an optical fiber, the normalized frequency, V (also called the V number), is given by = =, where a is the core radius, λ is the wavelength in vacuum, n 1 is the maximum refractive index of the core, n 2 is the refractive index of the homogeneous cladding, and applying the usual definition of the numerical aperture NA.
However, the dominant mode cutoff frequency can be reduced by the introduction of baffle inside the circular cross-section waveguide. [4] For a single-mode optical fiber, the cutoff wavelength is the wavelength at which the normalized frequency is approximately equal to 2.405.
When is normalized with reference to the sampling rate as ′ =, the normalized Nyquist angular frequency is π radians/sample. The following table shows examples of normalized frequency for f = 1 {\displaystyle f=1} kHz , f s = 44100 {\displaystyle f_{s}=44100} samples/second (often denoted by 44.1 kHz ), and 4 normalization conventions:
In fiber optics, mode volume is the number of bound modes that an optical fiber is capable of supporting. [11]The mode volume M is approximately given by and (+), respectively for step-index and power-law index profile fibers, where g is the profile parameter, and V is the normalized frequency, which must be greater than 5 for this approximation to be valid.
The number of bound modes, the mode volume, is related to the normalized frequency and thus to the numerical aperture. In multimode fibers, the term equilibrium numerical aperture is sometimes used. This refers to the numerical aperture with respect to the extreme exit angle of a ray emerging from a fiber in which equilibrium mode distribution ...
Within optics, dispersion is a property of telecommunication signals along transmission lines (such as microwaves in coaxial cable) or the pulses of light in optical fiber. In optics, one important and familiar consequence of dispersion is the change in the angle of refraction of different colors of light, [ 2 ] as seen in the spectrum produced ...
The instantaneous ordinary chirpyness (symbol c) is a normalized version, defined as the rate of change of the instantaneous frequency: [3] = = Ordinary chirpyness has units of square reciprocal seconds (s −2); thus, it is analogous to rotational acceleration.
An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light [a] from one end to the other. Such fibers find wide usage in fiber-optic communications , where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data transfer rates) than electrical cables.