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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a form of phototherapy involving light and a photosensitizing chemical substance used in conjunction with molecular oxygen to elicit cell death (phototoxicity). [ 1 ] PDT is used in treating acne , wet age-related macular degeneration , psoriasis , and herpes .
Dental infections tend to also respond better to photothermal therapy than photodynamic therapy, though both have a strong effect. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The efficacy of PDT for antimicrobial usage is limited by the properties of the membrane of the target cell such as the electrical gradient ( membrane potential ) and lipid composition.
Light therapy, also called phototherapy or bright light therapy is the exposure to direct sunlight or artificial light at controlled wavelengths in order to treat a variety of medical disorders, including seasonal affective disorder (SAD), circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, cancers, neonatal jaundice, and skin wound infections.
The efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, using various distinct photosensitizers, has been studied since the 1990s. [ 9 ] [ 7 ] Most studies have yielded positive outcomes, often achieving disinfection levels, as defined by infection control guidelines, exceeding 5 log 10 (99.999%) of microbial inactivation. [ 14 ]
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC or CSCR), also known as central serous retinopathy (CSR), is an eye disease that causes visual impairment, often temporary, usually in one eye. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] When the disorder is active it is characterized by leakage of fluid under the retina that has a propensity to accumulate under the central macula.
The curriculum at Berkeley Optometry is designed to provide clinical optometric training as well as instruction in the science of vision. Students are trained to be primary eye and vision care providers, which includes comprehensive eye examinations and the diagnosis, treatment, and management of most eye conditions and diseases.
Doheny Eye Institute has been ranked in the Top Ten by U.S. News & World Report and in the Top Ten by American Academy of Ophthalmology since rankings began in 1993 and 1996, respectively. [citation needed] In 2016, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes were ranked among the top 5 ophthalmology institutes in the United States by U.S. News & World ...
[6] [1] Photodynamic therapy can be used in combination with sonodynamic therapy and is expanded upon in the Applications section of this article. Sonodynamic therapy can be used synergistically with other therapeutic methods such as drug-loaded microbubbles, nanoparticles, exosomes, liposomes, and genes for improved efficacy.