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Rhine's experiments with Zener cards were discredited due to either sensory leakage, cheating, or both. The latter included the subject being able to read the symbols from slight indentations on the backs of cards, and being able to both see and hear the experimenter, which allowed the subject to note facial expressions and breathing patterns.
A ganzfeld experiment (from the German words for "entire" and "field") is an assessment used by parapsychologists that they contend can test for extrasensory perception (ESP) or telepathy. In these experiments, a "sender" attempts to mentally transmit an image to a "receiver" who is in a state of sensory deprivation .
Such procedures have included dream telepathy experiments, and the ganzfeld experiments (a mild sensory deprivation procedure). [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Second sight may have originally been so called because normal vision was regarded as coming first, while supernormal vision is a secondary thing, confined to certain individuals. [ 19 ]
A later experiment with kittens raised in the dark and then placed on the visual cliff showed that depth perception was not innate in all species as the kittens would walk on either side of the visual cliff. After six days of being in the light, the kittens would avoid the deep side of the visual cliff (Rodkey, 2015).
Hallucinations caused by sensory deprivation can, like ganzfeld-induced hallucinations, turn into complex scenes. [4] William G. Braud with Charles Honorton were the first to modify the ganzfeld procedure for parapsychological use. [5] The effect is a component of the Ganzfeld experiment, a technique used in the field of parapsychology. [6]
Rhine published Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years in 1940 with a number of colleagues, to address the objections raised. In the book, Rhine and his colleagues described three experiments—the Pearce-Pratt experiment , the Pratt-Woodruff experiment and the Ownbey-Zirkle series—which they believed demonstrated ESP.
[10] [11] This pupil dilation effect is discussed to indicate a detection of stimulus salience [12] and is expected to amplify the sensory processing of the salient stimulus by increased neural gain. [13] [14] The perception of time seems to be modulated by our recent experiences. Humans typically overestimate the perceived duration of the ...
The Hubel and Wiesel experiments greatly expanded the scientific knowledge of sensory processing. The partnership lasted over twenty years and became known as one of the most prominent research pairings in science. [17] In one experiment, done in 1959, they inserted a microelectrode into the primary visual cortex of an anesthetized cat. They ...