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The Minoan eruption was a catastrophic volcanic eruption that devastated the Aegean island of Thera (also called Santorini) circa 1600 BCE. [2] [3] It destroyed the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and the coast of Crete with subsequent earthquakes and paleotsunamis. [4]
The island was the site of one of the largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history: the Minoan eruption (sometimes called the Thera eruption), which occurred about 3,600 years ago at the height of the Minoan civilization. [5] The eruption left a large caldera surrounded by volcanic ash deposits hundreds of metres deep.
Layout map of Akrotiri in the Bronze Age. Pumice, here: northern shelving coast. Eruption of 165 ka buried it all. Akrotiri (Greek: Ακρωτήρι, pronounced Greek:) is the site of a Cycladic Bronze Age settlement on the volcanic Greek island of Santorini (Thera). The name comes from the nearby village of Akrotiri.
A view of the mountaintop ruins of Ancient Thera from Mt. Elias. The theater is built into the slope below the city. Ancient Thera (Greek: Αρχαία Θήρα) is the name of an archaeological site [1] from classical antiquity [2] on the island of Santorini, which sits on the top of a limestone hill called Mesa Vouno.
Santorini caldera is a large, mostly submerged caldera, located in the southern Aegean Sea, 120 kilometers north of Crete in Greece.Visible above water is the circular Santorini island group, consisting of Santorini (classic Greek Thera), the main island, Therasia and Aspronisi at the periphery, and the Kameni islands at the center.
A geological investigation found evidence of a modest tsunami, thought to be from the Thera eruption, with a "radiocarbon range of 1744–1544 BC for the secure pre-tsunami context and an interval 1509–1430 BC for the post-event layer". [5]
The only unambiguous VEI-7 eruption to have been directly observed in recorded history was Mount Tambora in 1815 and caused the Year Without a Summer in 1816. The Minoan eruption of Thera in the middle of the second millennium BC may have been VEI-7, but may have been just shy of the 100 cubic kilometers required.
Tianchi eruption, Paektu Mountain, border of North Korea and China: 946 AD: 6: 40 to 98 km 3 (9.6 to 23.5 cu mi) of tephra [37] Also known as Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan Eldgjá eruption, Laki system, Iceland: 934–940 AD: 6: Estimated 18 km 3 (4.3 cu mi) of lava [38] Estimated 219 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted [39]