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The primary disorder is benign essential blepharospasm, in which term the qualifier essential indicates that the cause is unknown. Blepharospasm may occur as secondary to conditions including dry eyes and other specific ocular disease or conditions, Meige's syndrome and other forms of dystonia, and Parkinson's disease and other movement ...
The blepharospasm referred to here is officially called benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) to distinguish it from the less serious secondary blinking disorders. "Benign" indicates the condition is not life-threatening, and "essential" is a medical term meaning "of unknown cause". It is both a cranial and a focal dystonia.
Of all the circuits, the motor circuit is the most studied due its importance to motor disorders. The direct pathway of the motor circuit is one in which projections from the cortex travel to the putamen directly to the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi also known as GP-Medial) or the substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNr) and are then directed toward the ventral anterior nucleus ...
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: BRBNS Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: BRIC1 Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis 1 BRRS Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome: BrS Brugada syndrome: BS Bloom syndrome: BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: BSS Brown-Séquard syndrome: BV Bacterial vaginosis
Neuro-ophthalmology is mostly non-procedural, however, neuro-ophthalmologists may be trained to perform eye muscle surgery to treat adult strabismus, optic nerve fenestration for idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and botulinum injections for blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm. [5]
Facial nerve avulsion is used to treat the involuntary twitching involved in benign essential blepharospasm. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] However, it often requires additional surgeries to retain function [ 27 ] and botulinum toxin injections have been shown to be more effective than surgical avulsions in treating benign essential blepharospasm, while causing ...
Essential tremor (ET), also known as benign essential tremor, or familial tremor, is the most common movement disorder. It is estimated that 5 percent of people worldwide have this condition, affecting those of all ages but typically staying within families.
Several pathogenetic mechanisms for chorea gravidarum have been offered, but none have been proven. History of either rheumatic fever or chorea is suspected: [2] [3] the suggestion is that estrogens and progesterone may sensitize dopamine receptors (presumably at a striatal level) and induce chorea in individuals who are vulnerable to this complication by virtue of preexisting pathology in the ...