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Liquid hydrogen also has a much higher specific energy than gasoline, natural gas, or diesel. [12] The density of liquid hydrogen is only 70.85 kg/m 3 (at 20 K), a relative density of just 0.07. Although the specific energy is more than twice that of other fuels, this gives it a remarkably low volumetric energy density, many fold lower.
Japan has a liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage facility at a terminal in Kobe, and was expected to receive the first shipment of liquid hydrogen via LH2 carrier in 2020. [162] Hydrogen is liquified by reducing its temperature to −253 °C, similar to liquified natural gas (LNG) which is stored at −162 °C.
Liquid hydrogen is a common rocket propellant, and it can also be used as the fuel for an internal combustion engine or fuel cell. [citation needed] Solid hydrogen can be made at standard pressure, by decreasing the temperature below hydrogen's melting point of 14.01 K (−259.14 °C; −434.45 °F).
Liquid nitrogen. Liquefaction of gases is physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation). The liquefaction of gases is a complicated process that uses various compressions and expansions to achieve high pressures and very low temperatures, using, for example, turboexpanders.
The autoignition temperature or self-ignition temperature, often called spontaneous ignition temperature or minimum ignition temperature (or shortly ignition temperature) and formerly also known as kindling point, of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it spontaneously ignites in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. [1]
Solid hydrogen is the solid state of the element hydrogen. At standard pressure , this is achieved by decreasing the temperature below hydrogen's melting point of 14.01 K (−259.14 °C; −434.45 °F).
In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is expanding; typically caused by the pressure loss from flow through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment.
The maximum temperature of about 2,800 °C (5,100 °F) is achieved with an exact stoichiometric mixture, about 700 °C (1,300 °F) hotter than a hydrogen flame in air. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] When either of the gases are mixed in excess of this ratio, or when mixed with an inert gas like nitrogen, the heat must spread throughout a greater quantity of ...