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All the glaciers in Turkey are in retreat and glaciers have been developing proglacial lakes at their terminal ends as the glaciers thin and retreat. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Between the 1970s and 2013, the glaciers in Turkey lost half their area, going from 25 km 2 (9.7 sq mi) in the 1970s to 10.85 km 2 (4.19 sq mi) in 2013.
The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global retreat of glaciers (deglaciation) that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum. Ice sheet retreat initiated ca. 19,000 years ago and accelerated after ca. 15,000 years ago.
Often, the retreating glacier is providing the area with high stream discharge, further increasing erosion. The combination of a lack of vegetation, high discharge, and a changing climate (the cause of deglaciation) forces ecological communities , sediment deposition patterns and surface morphology to adjust to the new conditions over time.
A glacial terminus Satellite view of changing glacier termini in the Bhutan-Himalaya, showing glacial lakes formed by the retreating termini on the surface of the debris-covered glaciers over the last several decades. A glacier terminus, toe, or snout, is the end of a glacier at any given point in time.
The Red Eagle Glacier in Montana, following a century of retreat, has dropped below the threshold of an active glacier and become a mere glacieret. [6] Shepard Glacier in Glacier National Park converted to a glacieret in 2009. [7] There are many glacierets on Mount Kenya, ranging from surface areas of 0.01 to 0.09 km 2. [8]
The retreating glaciers of the last ice age, both depressed the terrain with their mass and provided a source of meltwater that was confined against the ice mass. Lake Algonquin is an example of a proglacial lake that existed in east-central North America at the time of the last ice age .
Studying exposed landforms can also inform the understanding of the present and near future as glaciers all over the world retreat in the current period of climate change. [26] In general, recently deglacialized landscapes are inherently unstable and will tend to move towards an equilibrium.
The retreating glaciers of the Himalaya produce vast and long lived lakes, many kilometres in diameter and scores of metres deep. [3] These may be bounded by moraines; some are deep enough to be density stratified. [3] Most have been growing since the 1950s; the glaciers have been retreating constantly since then. [3]