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Hyphae may be modified in many different ways to serve specific functions. Some parasitic fungi form haustoria that function in absorption within the host cells. The arbuscules of mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi serve a similar function in nutrient exchange, so are important in assisting nutrient and water absorption by plants.
The mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and fungi is fundamental to terrestrial ecosystems, with evolutionary origins before the colonization of land by plants. [17] In the mycorrhizal symbiosis, a plant and a fungus become physically linked to one another and establish an exchange of resources between one another.
Hyaloperonospora parasitica: hyphae and haustoria Haustoria of creeping mistletoe in a scribbly gum A coconut sprout, the edible haustorium of germinating coconut seeds. In botany and mycology, a haustorium (plural haustoria) is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients.
The English word fungus is directly adopted from the Latin fungus (mushroom), used in the writings of Horace and Pliny. [10] This in turn is derived from the Greek word sphongos (σφόγγος 'sponge'), which refers to the macroscopic structures and morphology of mushrooms and molds; [11] the root is also used in other languages, such as the German Schwamm ('sponge') and Schimmel ('mold').
The growth of hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food. [3] The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called a mycelium , is considered a single organism . The hyphae are generally transparent, so the mycelium appears like very fine, fluffy white threads over the surface.
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances, including "mature fruits and vegetables", [2] jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco. They are multicellular.
Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae. The mature cords are composed of wide, empty vessel hyphae surrounded by narrower sheathing hyphae. Cords may look similar to plant roots, and also frequently have similar functions; hence they are also called rhizomorphs (literally, "root-forms"). As well as growing ...
A horizontal hypha that sprouts where it touches the substrate, in Mucorales. Connects groups of rhizoid s. [368] striate Having minute radiating lines or ridges, such as the margin of a pileus. [369] stroma Close-up of a stroma of ergot, an ascomycete. pl. stromata. A mass of vegetative hyphae where fertile hyphae, fruiting bodies, and spores ...