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BRCA-related breast cancer appears at an earlier age than sporadic breast cancer. [9]: 89–111 It has been asserted that BRCA-related breast cancer is more aggressive than normal breast cancer, however most studies in specific populations suggest little or no difference in survival rates despite seemingly worse prognostic factors.
The lifetime risk of a female developing breast and/or ovarian cancer increases if she inherits a harmful mutation of BRCA1 or BRCA2, but the severity depends on the type of mutation. [8] Each year, about 3% of breast cancers and 10% of ovarian cancers result from inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. [9]
A mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 can confer a lifetime ovarian cancer risk of 40-50% and 10-20% respectively, [15] with BRCA2 mutations strongly associated with better clinical outcomes. A specific tumour protein 53 ( TP53 ) expression pattern in the Fallopian tube epithelium – the ‘p53 signature’ - is thought to be a precursor marker of HGSC.
Absolute risk of cancers in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. [4]A number of genes are associated with HBOC. [5] The most common of the known causes of HBOC are: BRCA mutations: [5] Harmful mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can produce very high rates of breast and ovarian cancer, as well as increased rates of other cancers.
Level of BRCA1 expression is also relevant to ovarian cancer treatment. Patients having sporadic ovarian cancer who were treated with platinum drugs had longer median survival times if their BRCA1 expression was low compared to patients with higher BRCA1 expression (46 compared to 33 months). [125]
The five-year survival rate for all stages of ovarian cancer is 46%; the one-year survival rate is 72% and the ten-year survival rate is 35%. [132] For cases where a diagnosis is made early in the disease, when the cancer is still confined to the primary site, the five-year survival rate is 92.7%. [133]
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