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Volcanic cone – Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape; Volcanic crater – Roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity; Volcanic dam – Natural dam produced directly or indirectly by volcanism; Volcanic field – Area of Earth's crust prone to localized volcanic activity
Land is often defined as the solid, dry surface of Earth. [1] The word land may also collectively refer the collective natural resources of Earth, [2] including its land cover, rivers, shallow lakes, its biosphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere (troposphere), groundwater reserves, and the physical results of human activity on land, such as architecture and agriculture. [3]
Petroforms, also known as boulder outlines or boulder mosaics, are human-made shapes and patterns made by lining up large rocks on the open ground, often on quite level areas. Petroforms in North America were originally made by various Native American and First Nation tribes, who used various terms to describe them.
Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. Landforms include hills , mountains , canyons , and valleys , as well as shoreline features such as bays , peninsulas , and seas , [ 3 ] including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges , volcanoes , and the great oceanic basins .
Researchers can determine how many years a stone has been exposed on the ground. Wells used a method based on cosmogenic helium-3, which forms by cosmic ray bombardment at the ground surface. Helium-3 is retained inside grains of olivine and pyroxene in the lava flows, building up with exposure time. The helium-3 dates show that the lava stones ...
Patterned ground is the distinct and often symmetrical natural pattern of geometric shapes formed by the deformation of ground material in periglacial regions. It is typically found in remote regions of the Arctic , Antarctica , and the Outback in Australia , but is also found anywhere that freezing and thawing of soil alternate; patterned ...
An example of a significant and sustainable carbonate aquifer is the Edwards Aquifer [31] in central Texas. This carbonate aquifer has historically been providing high quality water for nearly 2 million people, and even today, is full because of tremendous recharge from a number of area streams, rivers and lakes .
Any steel reinforcing is removed, and the ground pavement is compacted to form the base and/or sub-base layers for new asphalt pavement. [35] Ground pavement may also be compacted for use on gravel roads. [34] Cold in-place recycling: Bituminous pavement is ground or milled into small particles. The asphalt millings are blended with asphalt ...