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Microfluidics emerged in the beginning of the 1980s and is used in the development of inkjet printheads, DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip technology, micro-propulsion, and micro-thermal technologies. Typically, micro means one of the following features: Small volumes (μL, nL, pL, fL) Small size; Low energy consumption; Microdomain effects
As a method for protein engineering, directed evolution has many applications in fields from development of drugs and vaccines to the synthesis of food and chemicals. [140] A microfluidic device was developed to identify improved enzyme production hosts (i.e., cell factories) that can be employed industrially in various fields. [134]
When produced by bacteria they serve as both a source of energy and as a carbon store. More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. [2] These plastics are biodegradable and are used in the production of bioplastics. [3]
Microfluidic systems can be used to incubate high volumes of bacteria and yeast colonies. [39] The two-layer microchemostat device is made to allow scientists to culture cells under chemostatic and thermostatic conditions without moving cells around and causing intercellular interaction. [39]
Optofluidics is a research and technology area that combines the advantages of fluidics (in particular microfluidics) and optics. Applications of the technology include displays, biosensors, lab-on-chip devices, lenses, and molecular imaging tools and energy.
[38] [46] As a proof-of-concept, Ko et al. developed a paper-based electrical chip using a home office printer, an ink made of carbon nanotubes, and magazine paper. [47] Similarly, silver nanoparticles were printed into microfluidic channels to sense changes in the permittivity of fluids, revealing information about concentration and mixing ...
Microfluidic technology is relatively economical due to batch fabrication and high-throughput (parallelization and redundancy). This allows the production of disposable or single-use chips for improved ease of use and reduced probability of biological cross contamination , as well as rapid prototyping [ 3 ] [ 11 ]
Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a platform for lab-on-a-chip systems that is based upon the manipulation of microdroplets. Droplets are dispensed, moved, stored, mixed, reacted, or analyzed on a platform with a set of insulated electrodes.