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In theoretical physics, negative mass is a hypothetical type of exotic matter whose mass is of opposite sign to the mass of normal matter, e.g. −1 kg. [1] [2] Such matter would violate one or more energy conditions and exhibit strange properties such as the oppositely oriented acceleration for an applied force orientation.
The macroscopic energy equation for infinitesimal volume used in heat transfer analysis is [6] = +, ˙, where q is heat flux vector, −ρc p (∂T/∂t) is temporal change of internal energy (ρ is density, c p is specific heat capacity at constant pressure, T is temperature and t is time), and ˙ is the energy conversion to and from thermal ...
The four possible polarities of overpotentials are listed below. An electrolytic cell's anode is more positive, using more energy than thermodynamics require. An electrolytic cell's cathode is more negative, using more energy than thermodynamics require. A galvanic cell's anode is less negative, supplying less energy than thermodynamically ...
If there is a change in the potential energy of a system; for example μ 1 >μ 2 (μ is Chemical potential) an energy flow will occur from S 1 to S 2, because nature always prefers low energy and maximum entropy. Molecular diffusion is typically described mathematically using Fick's laws of diffusion.
The sum of the last terms in the equations presents the total energy coming into the system with the stream of particles of substances that can be positive or negative; the quantity is chemical potential of substance .The middle terms in equations (2) and (3) depict energy dissipation (entropy production) due to the relaxation of internal ...
For a similar process at constant temperature and volume, the change in Helmholtz free energy must be negative, <. Thus, a negative value of the change in free energy (G or A) is a necessary condition for a process to be spontaneous. This is the most useful form of the second law of thermodynamics in chemistry, where free-energy changes can be ...
One remarkable property is that the effective mass can become negative, when the band curves downwards away from a maximum. As a result of the negative mass , the electrons respond to electric and magnetic forces by gaining velocity in the opposite direction compared to normal; even though these electrons have negative charge, they move in ...
The Hadley cell redistributes heat, counteracting the uneven heating of the Earth. The Hadley cell is an important mechanism by which moisture and energy are transported both between the tropics and subtropics and between the northern and southern hemispheres. [51]