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A modifier letter, in the Unicode Standard, is a letter or symbol typically written next to another letter that it modifies in some way. They generally function like diacritics , changing the sound-values of the letter it is next to (usually the letter preceding it but sometimes the following letter instead).
Finally, these phonetic alphabets make use of modifier letters, that are specially constructed for phonetic meaning. A "modifier letter" is strictly intended not as an independent grapheme but as a modification of the preceding character [ 1 ] resulting in a distinct grapheme, notably in the context of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Spacing Modifier Letters is a Unicode block containing characters for the IPA, UPA, and other phonetic transcriptions. Included are the IPA tone marks, and modifiers for aspiration and palatalization .
Modifier Letter Right Half Ring · U+02BF ʿ 703 Modifier Letter Left Half Ring U+02C0 ˀ 704 Modifier Letter Glottal Stop: U+02C1 ˁ 705 Modifier Letter Reversed Glottal Stop: U+02C2 ˂ 706 Modifier Letter Left Arrowhead U+02C3 ˃ 707 Modifier Letter Right Arrowhead U+02C4 ˄ 708 Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead U+02C5 ˅ 709 Modifier Letter Down ...
The Unicode characters for superscript (modifier) IPA vowel letters, plus a pair of extended letters ᵻ ᵿ found in English dictionaries, are as follows. Recently retired alternative letters such as ɩ ɷ are also supported; they are set off in parentheses and placed below the standard IPA letters:
However, in ISO 9, the corresponding modifier letters are used instead. Originally, X-bar theory used a bar over syntactic units to indicate bar-levels in syntactic structure, generally rendered as an overbar. While easy to write, the bar notation proved difficult to typeset, leading to the adoption of the prime symbol to indicate a bar.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, a special triangular colon-like letter is used to indicate that the preceding consonant or vowel is long. Its form is that of two triangles pointing toward each other rather than the two dots of Americanist notation. It is available in Unicode as U+02D0 ː MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON.
The acute accent (/ ə ˈ k j uː t /), ́, is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts. For the most commonly encountered uses of the accent in the Latin and Greek alphabets, precomposed characters are available.