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The natural state of men, before they entered into society, was a mere war, and that not simply, but a war of all men against all men.) [11] Nam unusquisque naturali necessitate bonum sibi appetit, neque est quisquam qui bellum istud omnium contra omnes, quod tali statui naturaliter adhæret, sibi existimat esse bonum. [12]
But to be outside of a political community is to be in an anarchic condition. Given human nature, the variability of human desires, and need for scarce resources to fulfill those desires, the state of nature, as Hobbes calls this anarchic condition, must be a war of all against all. Even when two men are not fighting, there is no guarantee that ...
Aside from social contract theory, Leviathan also popularized ideas such as the state of nature ("war of all against all") and laws of nature. His other major works include the trilogy De Cive (1642), De Corpore (1655), and De Homine (1658) as well as the posthumous work Behemoth (1681).
Hobbes argued that natural inequalities between humans are not so great as to give anyone clear superiority; and thus all must live in constant fear of loss or violence; so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against ...
Frontispiece of "Leviathan," by Abraham Bosse, with input from Hobbes. Arguably the most influential theory of human social origins is that of Thomas Hobbes, who in his Leviathan [5] argued that without strong government, society would collapse into Bellum omnium contra omnes — "the war of all against all":
The social contract at the basis of liberal democracy, first developed by modern political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, makes universal rights, not moral character, the crux ...
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Political philosophy during this period was shaped by Thomas Hobbes's (1588–1679) work, particularly his book Leviathan. Hobbes had a pessimistic view of the natural state of humans, arguing that it involves a war of all against all. According to Hobbes, the purpose of civil society is to avoid this state of chaos.