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The first transgenic organism was created in 1974 when Annie Chang and Stanley Cohen expressed Staphylococcus aureus genes in Escherichia coli. [3] In 1978, yeast cells were the first eukaryotic organisms to undergo gene transfer. [4] Mouse cells were first transformed in 1979, followed by mouse embryos in 1980.
With animals DNA is generally inserted into using microinjection, where it can be injected through the cell's nuclear envelope directly into the nucleus, or through the use of viral vectors. [6] The first transgenic animals were produced by injecting viral DNA into embryos and then implanting the embryos in females. [7]
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". [1]
The first transgenic livestock were produced in 1985, [66] by micro-injecting foreign DNA into rabbit, sheep and pig eggs. [67] The first animal to synthesise transgenic proteins in their milk were mice, [68] engineered to produce human tissue plasminogen activator. [69] This technology was applied to sheep, pigs, cows and other livestock. [68]
The genetically modified mouse in which a gene affecting hair growth has been knocked out (left) shown next to a normal lab mouse. A genetically modified mouse, genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) [1] or transgenic mouse is a mouse (Mus musculus) that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques.
It was one of the first animals cloned for commercial purposes. [17] [18] In 2000, Texas A&M University cloned a Black Angus bull named 86 Squared, after cells from his donor, Bull 86, had been frozen for 15 years. Both bulls exhibit a natural resistance to brucellosis, tuberculosis, and other diseases which can be transferred in meat. [19] [20]
Transgenic hybrids are viable and grow more rapidly than transgenic salmon and other wild-type crosses in conditions emulating a hatchery. In stream mesocosms designed to simulate natural conditions, transgenic hybrids express competitive dominance and suppress the growth of transgenic and non-transgenic salmon by 82% and 54%, respectively. [65]
As such the transgenic tools and procedures are well established making it one of the easiest plants to transform. [4] Another major model organism relevant to genetic engineering is Arabidopsis thaliana. Its small genome and short life cycle makes it easy to manipulate and it contains many homologs to important crop species. [5]