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Genetically modified crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species.
With animals DNA is generally inserted into using microinjection, where it can be injected through the cell's nuclear envelope directly into the nucleus, or through the use of viral vectors. [6] The first transgenic animals were produced by injecting viral DNA into embryos and then implanting the embryos in females. [7]
It was one of the first animals cloned for commercial purposes. [17] [18] In 2000, Texas A&M University cloned a Black Angus bull named 86 Squared, after cells from his donor, Bull 86, had been frozen for 15 years. Both bulls exhibit a natural resistance to brucellosis, tuberculosis, and other diseases which can be transferred in meat. [19] [20]
A genetically modified organism is an organism whose genetic material has been deliberately altered using genetic engineering The main article for this category is Genetically modified organisms . Subcategories
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". [1]
This is a list of genetic hybrids which is limited to well documented cases of animals of differing species able to create hybrid offspring which may or may not be infertile. Hybrids should not be confused with genetic chimeras , such as that between sheep and goat known as the geep .
One example is a glyphosate-resistant rice crop that crossbreeds with a weedy relative, giving the weed a competitive advantage. The transgenic hybrid had higher rates of photosynthesis, more shoots and flowers, and more seeds than the non-transgenic hybrids. [249] This demonstrates the possibility of ecosystem damage by GM crop usage.
As such the transgenic tools and procedures are well established making it one of the easiest plants to transform. [4] Another major model organism relevant to genetic engineering is Arabidopsis thaliana. Its small genome and short life cycle makes it easy to manipulate and it contains many homologs to important crop species. [5]