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Retroreflective sheeting for road signs is categorized by construction and performance specified by technical standards such as ASTM D4956-11a.; [4] various types give differing levels of retroreflection, effective view angles, and lifespan. [5] Sheeting has replaced button copy as the predominant type of retroreflector used in roadway signs.
FMVSS 108 is codified in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 571, Section 108. [1] The most recent version was published by NHTSA for comment in December 2007, [2] and since then, it has been amended in April 2011, [3] August 2011, [4] January 2012, [5] December 2012, [6] December 2015, [7] February 2016, [8] and February 2022.
Raised reflective markers, such as plastic, ceramic, or metal ones, include a lens or sheeting that enhances their visibility by retroreflecting automotive headlights, while glass road studs gather automotive headlights with a dome shape and reflect the lights with a reflective layer within.
On many roads in the UK, retro-reflective road studs, including those known as "cat's eyes" when referring to the Halifax type road stud, are placed in the road. These devices reflect the light from a car's headlights back towards the driver in order to highlight features of the road in poor visibility or at night.
In 1956, the United States, Canada, and Mexico came to an agreement with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the National Safety Council that standardized the size for license plates for vehicles (except those for motorcycles) at 6 inches (15 cm) in height by 12 inches (30 cm) in width, with standardized mounting holes. [1]
A rear reflector on a bicycle Reflecting device on horse.. A safety reflector is a retroreflector intended for pedestrians, runners, motorized and non-motorized vehicles.A safety reflector is similar to reflective stripes that can be found on safety vests and clothing worn by road workers and rescue workers.
Limited application of reflective surfaces can mitigate urban heat island effect. [6] Reflective surfaces can be used to change the albedo of agricultural and urban areas, noting that a 0.04-0.1 albedo change in urban and agricultural areas could potentially reduce global temperatures for overshooting 1.0 °C. [1]
A police officer in Taiwan wears a white motorcycle helmet in conjunction with a high-visibility vest. According to a 2004 study, the wearing of reflective or fluorescent clothing correlated with a 37 percent lower risk of a rider sustaining a crash-related injury; likewise, white helmets demonstrated a 24 percent reduction.