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Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), or simply herpes encephalitis, is encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus. It is estimated to affect at least 1 in 500,000 individuals per year, [ 1 ] and some studies suggest an incidence rate of 5.9 cases per 100,000 live births.
Herpes meningitis is typically self-limiting over 2 weeks without treatment. However, empirical use of antiviral medications such as acyclovir are considered in cases of suspected HSV meningitis to prevent progression to the more rapid and fatal HSV meningoencephalitis. [7] HSV-2 is the most common herpes virus that causes meningitis. [3]
Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis, while encephalitis with involvement of the spinal cord is known as encephalomyelitis. [ 2 ] The word is from Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος , enképhalos 'brain', [ 37 ] composed of ἐν , en , 'in' and κεφαλή , kephalé , 'head', and the medical suffix -itis 'inflammation'.
A very specific exception is herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis, which can be treated with acyclovir for 2 to 3 weeks if it is provided early enough. Acyclovir significant decreases morbidity and mortality of HSV encephalitis and limits the long-term behavioral and cognitive impairments that occur with illness.
Herpetic gingivostomatitis is an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). The HSV is a double-stranded DNA virus categorised into two types; HSV-1 and HSV-2.HSV-1 is predominantly responsible for oral, facial and ocular infections whereas HSV-2 is responsible for most genital and cutaneous lower herpetic lesions.
Tick-borne encephalitis; West Nile virus; Measles; Epstein–Barr virus; Varicella-zoster virus; Enterovirus; Herpes simplex virus type 1; Herpes simplex virus type 2; Rabies virus; Adenovirus, although meningoencephalitis is almost solely seen in heavily immunocompromised patients. [11] Mumps, a relatively common cause of meningoencephalitis.
Most dogs recover spontaneously without treatment. Prevention is through vaccination (ATCvet code QI07AA05 and various combination vaccines). Most combination vaccines for dogs contain a modified canine adenovirus type-2. [4] CAV-2 is one of the causes of respiratory infections in dogs, but it is similar enough to CAV-1 that vaccine for one ...
HSV-2 is the most common cause of Mollaret's meningitis. [83] HSV-1 can lead to potentially fatal cases of herpes simplex encephalitis. [84] Herpes simplex viruses have also been studied in the central nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, but research has been conflicting and inconclusive. [85]