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Multiple system atrophy is estimated to affect approximately 5 per 100,000 people. At autopsy, many patients diagnosed during life with Parkinson's disease are found actually to have MSA, suggesting that the actual incidence of MSA is higher than that estimate. [4]
Parkinson-plus syndromes are either inherited genetically or occur sporadically. [2] [3] Atypical parkinsonism and other Parkinson-plus syndromes are often difficult to differentiate from PD and each other. They include multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD).
There are three main types of synucleinopathy: Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). [1] Other rare disorders, such as various neuroaxonal dystrophies, also have α-synuclein pathologies. [2]
Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophy, tauopathies, and prion diseases. Neurodegeneration can be found in the brain at many different levels of neuronal circuitry, ranging from molecular to systemic. [4]
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a neurodegenerative disease primarily of the central nervous system, affecting both motor and non-motor systems. Symptoms typically develop gradually, with non-motor issues becoming more prevalent as the disease progresses.
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability. [1] [2] Both hypokinetic (bradykinesia and akinesia) as well as hyperkinetic (cogwheel rigidity and tremors at rest) features are displayed by Parkinsonism. [3]
Although this method can distinguish essential tremor from Parkinson's syndrome, it is unable to distinguish between Parkinson's disease, Dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease dementia, [3] multiple system atrophy or progressive supranuclear palsy. There is evidence that DaTSCAN is accurate in diagnosing early Parkinson's. [4] [5]
Multiple sclerosis, meningitis-retention syndrome [13] Paraneoplastic syndrome [25] Spinal cord injury [13] or traumatic brain injury [26] Synucleinopathy, a group of neurodegenerative diseases including pure autonomic failure, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy [6] Surgery or injury involving the nerves [13]