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During pregnancy, a woman's mass increases by about 12 kg (26 lb). [39] The European Food Safety Authority recommends an increase of 300 mL per day compared to the normal intake for non-pregnant women, taking the total adequate water intake (from food and fluids) to 2,300 mL, or approximately 1,850 mL/ day from fluids alone. [40]
In reality, only a small increase in caloric intake is needed to provide for the fetus; approximately 350 calories more in the second trimester and 450 calories more in the third trimester. [3] Also, healthy choices should be emphasized for these extra calories such as whole grain products, fruits and vegetables as well as low-fat dairy ...
Eating so much protein that you exceed your caloric needs can also lead to weight gain, she says, and high-protein diets that center on red meat, saturated fats, and processed food can increase ...
Micronutrient undernutrition results from insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals. [26] Worldwide, deficiencies in iodine, Vitamin A, and iron are the most common. Children and pregnant women in low-income countries are at especially high risk for micronutrient deficiencies. [26] [50]
The EFSA panel proposes that pregnant women should consume the same volume of water as non-pregnant women, plus an increase in proportion to the higher energy requirement, equal to 300 mL/day. [53] To compensate for additional fluid output, breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non ...
[30] [31] Characteristics of an unhealthy prenatal diet leading to changes in DNA methylation patterns include the increased intake of high fat/sugar ultra-processed food products along with the inadequate intake of nutrient rich whole foods (e.g. fruits and vegetables).