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In Taoism and Chinese folk religion, gods and xian [36] are often seen as embodiments of water. [37] Water gods and xian were often thought to ensure good grain harvests, mild weather and seas, and rivers with abundant water. [37] Some xian were thought to be humans who gained power by drinking "charmed water". [36]
(in Fujian Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and folk religion) a boddhisatva, a person who is on the path like Gautama Buddha or a being of comparable holiness and power over nature to one, or a type of god worshipped in temples [2] (in Korean Taoist-inspired new religions) a being subservient to heaven that helps humans [28] [29]
Schools of Taoist thought developed around each of these deities. Taoist Alchemy was a large part of these schools, as each of the Three Pure Ones represented one of the three essential fields of the body: jing, qi and shen. The congregation of all three Pure Ones resulted in the return to Tao. The first Pure One is universal or heavenly chi.
What began as Taoist worship of Chang'e evolved to include both Buddhist and Taoist traditions, featuring the Moonlight Bodhisattva and the Jade Rabbit. The depictions of the Moon God were mostly inscribed by Taoist temples, titled "Yuefu Suyao Taiyin Xingjun" (月府素曜太阴星君, lit. 'the moon palace of Taiyin Xingjun'). [6]
Chinese theology, which comes in different interpretations according to the Chinese classics and Chinese folk religion, and specifically Confucian, Taoist, and other philosophical formulations, [1] is fundamentally monistic, [2] that is to say it sees the world and the gods of its phenomena as an organic whole, or cosmos, which continuously emerges from a simple principle. [3]
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Daoism (or Taoism) is a philosophy centered on living in harmony with the Dao (Tao) (Chinese: 道; pinyin: Dào; lit. 'Way'), which is believed to be the source, pattern and substance of all matter. [9] Its origin can be traced back to the late 4th century B.C.E. and the main thinkers representative of this teaching are Laozi and Zhuang Zhou. [6]
In the 12th century, the Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) School was founded in Shandong by the sage Wang Chongyang (1113–1170) to compete with religious Taoist traditions that worshipped "ghosts and gods" and largely displaced them. [88] The school focused on inner transformation, [88] mystical experience, [88] monasticism, and asceticism.