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β-Carotene (beta-carotene) is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, [7] plants, and fruits. It is a member of the carotenes, which are terpenoids (isoprenoids), synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons.
For dietary retinol, no effects were observed for high dietary intake and breast cancer survival, [108] risk of liver cancer, [109] risk of bladder cancer [110] or risk of colorectal cancer, [111] [112] although the last review did report lower risk for higher β-carotene consumption. [112]
Overconsumption of beta-carotene can only cause carotenosis, a harmless and reversible cosmetic condition in which the skin turns orange. Preformed vitamin A absorption and storage in the liver occur very efficiently until a pathologic condition develops. [21] When ingested, 70–90% of preformed vitamin A is absorbed and used. [21]
Also, some virus are co-carcinogens like Herpesviruses, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4) [9] Over intake beta carotene for a long period of time increased the risk of lung cancer, prostate cancer and many other kind of malignant tumor for cigarette smoker and worker having high contact with asbestos. [10]
The term carotene (also carotin, from the Latin carota, "carrot" [1] [2]) is used for many related unsaturated hydrocarbon substances having the formula C 40 H x, which are synthesized by plants but in general cannot be made by animals (with the exception of some aphids and spider mites which acquired the synthesizing genes from fungi). [3]
Reviews of preliminary research in 2015 indicated that foods high in carotenoids may reduce the risk of head and neck cancers [20] and prostate cancer. [21] There is no correlation between consumption of foods high in carotenoids and vitamin A and the risk of Parkinson's disease .
In the human body, β-cryptoxanthin is converted to vitamin A and is, therefore, considered a provitamin A.As with other carotenoids, β-cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant and may help prevent free radical damage to cells and DNA, as well as stimulate the repair of oxidative damage to DNA.
beta-carotene + O 2 → 2 all-trans-retinal. This is a cleavage reaction which cleaves β-carotene, utilizes molecular oxygen, is enhanced by the presence of bile salts and thyroxine, and generates two molecules of retinal. In humans, the enzyme is present in the small intestine and liver. [7]