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Each phalanx consists of a central part, called the body, and two extremities. [5]The body is flat on either side, concave on the palmar surface, and convex on the dorsal surface. [6]
The five metatarsals are dorsal convex long bones consisting of a shaft or body, a base (), and a head (). [3] The body is prismoid in form, tapers gradually from the tarsal to the phalangeal extremity, and is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above.
The two heads of each muscle form a central tendon which passes forwards deep to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament. [1] The tendons are inserted on the bases of the second, third, and fourth proximal phalanges [2] and into the aponeurosis of the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus [3] without attaching to the extensor hoods of the toes.
The arch is further supported by the plantar aponeurosis, by the small muscles in the sole of the foot (short muscles of the big toe), by the tendons of the tibialis anterior and posterior and fibularis longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and by the ligaments of all the articulations involved. [1]
The flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus flex the interphalangeal joint of the big toe and lateral four toes, respectively. The tendons of both of these muscles cross as they reach their distal attachments. In other words, the flexor hallucis longus arises laterally, while the flexor digitorum longus arises medially.
The superior extensor retinaculum binds down the tendons of extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius, and tibialis anterior as they descend on the front of the tibia and fibula; under it are found also the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve. [1]
Extensor digitorum brevis extends the first four digits at the metatarsophalangeal joint and assists in extending the second, third and fourth digits at the interphalangeal joint. The fifth digit, lacking any insertion from extensor digitorum brevis, can only be raised by the long extensor .
In the human body, the tarsus (pl.: tarsi) is a cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot situated between the lower end of the tibia and the fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus.