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  2. Alpha effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_effect

    The alpha effect refers to the increased nucleophilicity of an atom due to the presence of an adjacent (alpha) atom with lone pair electrons. [2] This first atom does not necessarily exhibit increased basicity compared with a similar atom without an adjacent electron-donating atom, resulting in a deviation from the classical Brønsted-type ...

  3. Soft error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_error

    Many of these bit-flips would probably be attributable to hardware problems, but some could be attributed to alpha particles. [1] These bit-flip errors may be taken advantage of by malicious actors in the form of bitsquatting. Isaac Asimov received a letter congratulating him on an accidental prediction of alpha-particle RAM errors in a 1950s ...

  4. Flashing (cinematography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashing_(cinematography)

    The effect is produced by adding a small and even level of exposure to the entire image. Since exposure levels increase logarithmically, this tiny level of additional exposure has no practical effect on an image's mid-tones or highlights, while it shifts the darker areas of the image into the practical sensitivity range, thus allowing the darker areas of the image to show visual detail rather ...

  5. Triple-alpha process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-alpha_process

    Nuclear fusion reaction of two helium-4 nuclei produces beryllium-8, which is highly unstable, and decays back into smaller nuclei with a half-life of 8.19 × 10 −17 s, unless within that time a third alpha particle fuses with the beryllium-8 nucleus [3] to produce an excited resonance state of carbon-12, [4] called the Hoyle state, which ...

  6. Rutherford scattering experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_scattering...

    Consider an alpha particle passing through an atom of radius R along a path of length L. The effect of the positive sphere is ignored so as to isolate the effect of the atomic electrons. As with the positive sphere, deflection by the electrons is expected to be very small, to the point that the path is practically a straight line. Figure 6

  7. Cherenkov radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

    Cherenkov radiation glowing in the core of the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory. Cherenkov radiation (/ tʃ ə ˈ r ɛ ŋ k ɒ f / [1]) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium (such as distilled water) at a speed greater than the phase velocity (speed of propagation of a wavefront in a medium) of ...

  8. Quantum tunnelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling

    Some sources describe the mere penetration of a wave function into the barrier, without transmission on the other side, as a tunneling effect, such as in tunneling into the walls of a finite potential well. [2] [3] Tunneling plays an essential role in physical phenomena such as nuclear fusion [4] and alpha radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.

  9. Helium flash - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_flash

    A helium flash is a very brief thermal runaway nuclear fusion of large quantities of helium into carbon through the triple-alpha process in the core of low-mass stars (between 0.8 solar masses (M ☉) and 2.0 M ☉ [1]) during their red giant phase. The Sun is predicted to experience a flash 1.2 billion years after it leaves the main sequence.