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The number density (symbol: n or ρ N) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number density.
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.
Spin density is electron density applied to free radicals. It is defined as the total electron density of electrons of one spin minus the total electron density of the electrons of the other spin. One of the ways to measure it experimentally is by electron spin resonance, [14] neutron diffraction allows direct mapping of the spin density in 3D ...
A simple derivation of the Boltzmann relation for the electrons can be obtained using the momentum fluid equation of the two-fluid model of plasma physics in absence of a magnetic field. When the electrons reach dynamic equilibrium , the inertial and the collisional terms of the momentum equations are zero, and the only terms left in the ...
TEC is the total number of electrons integrated between two points, along a tube of one meter squared cross section, i.e., the electron columnar number density. It is often reported in multiples of the so-called TEC unit, defined as TECU=10 16 el/m 2 ≈ 1.66 × 10 −8 mol⋅m −2. [1]
For example, the mass of water might be written in subscripts as m H 2 O, m water, m aq, m w (if clear from context) etc., or simply as m(H 2 O). Another example could be the electronegativity of the fluorine -fluorine covalent bond , which might be written with subscripts χ F-F , χ FF or χ F-F etc., or brackets χ (F-F), χ (FF) etc.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
The number density of the electron gas was assumed to be =, where Z is the effective number of de-localized electrons per ion, for which Drude used the valence number, A is the atomic mass per mole, [Ashcroft & Mermin 10] is the mass density (mass per unit volume) [Ashcroft & Mermin 10] of the "ions", and N A is the Avogadro constant.