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A Stoic of virtue, by contrast, would amend one's will to suit the world and remain, in the words of Epictetus, "sick and yet happy, in peril and yet happy, dying and yet happy, in exile and happy, in disgrace and happy", [6] thus positing a "completely autonomous" individual will, and at the same time a universe that is "a rigidly ...
The Stoics believed that the universe operated according to reason, i.e. by a God which is immersed in nature itself. [4] Logic (logike) was the part of philosophy which examined reason (logos). [5] To achieve a happy life—a life worth living—requires logical thought. [4] The Stoics held that an understanding of ethics was impossible ...
The dominant philosophical traditions of the Greco-Roman world then were Stoicism, Platonism, Epicureanism, and, to a lesser extent, the skeptic traditions of Pyrrhonism and Academic Skepticism. Stoicism and, particularly, Platonism were often integrated into Christian ethics and Christian theology.
The foundation of Stoic ethics is that good lies in the state of the soul itself; in wisdom and self-control. One must therefore strive to be free of the passions. For the Stoics, reason meant using logic and understanding the processes of nature—the logos or universal reason, inherent in all things. [24]
ἀπάθεια: serenity, peace of mind, such as that achieved by the Stoic sage. aphormê ἀφορμή: aversion, impulse not to act (as a result of ekklisis). Opposite of hormê. apoproêgmena ἀποπροηγμένα: dispreferred things. Morally indifferent but naturally undesirable things, such as illness. Opposite of proêgmena. aretê
Christian philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Christians, or in relation to the religion of Christianity. Christian philosophy emerged with the aim of reconciling science and faith, starting from natural rational explanations with the help of Christian revelation.
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Given exactly the same circumstances, exactly the same result will occur. It is impossible that the cause be present yet that of which it is the cause not obtain. [18] The Stoic philosopher Chrysippus. The major developer of Stoicism, Chrysippus, took the edge off of strict necessity. Whereas the past is unchangeable, Chrysippus argued that ...