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In late 1956, the newly formed PBCFIA, which had turned a candid eye towards covert operations, took issue with the "very informal" procedures of the Special Group. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Consequently, an annex [ 41 ] to NSC 5412/2 was approved by Eisenhower on 26 March 1957, clarifying project approvals, and for the first time requiring the CIA to ...
[7] [8] The Italian press picked up the Triunfo publication, and a copy was published in the October 1978 issue of L'Europeo. [7] A wide range of field manuals, including 30–31, can be accessed through websites that catalog U.S. field manuals. However, 30-31B is not among the field manuals published by the military. [12]
This category lists covert organisations (also known as "cover organisations"), as entities or organized groups engaging in covert operations. Both fictional and non-fictional covert organizations are included in the category.
A large covert operation typically has components that involve many or all of these categories as well as paramilitary operations. Covert political and influence operations are used to support US foreign policy. As overt support for one element of an insurgency can be counterproductive due to the unfavorable impression of the United States in ...
OPC was preceded by the Special Procedures Group (SPG), whose creation in March 1948 [1] had been authorized in December 1947 with President Harry Truman's approval of the top-secret policy paper NSC 4-A. [2] SPG was located within the CIA's Office of Special Operations (OSO), the CIA department responsible for intelligence collection, and was first used to influence the Italian election of ...
Covert and clandestine operations are not the same when it comes to tradecraft. The modern NATO definition of a covert operation says the identity of the sponsor is concealed, but in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed from the participants. Put differently, clandestine means "hidden", and covert means "deniable"—that is ...
National governments deal in both intelligence and military special operations functions that either should be completely secret (i.e., clandestine: the existence of which is not known outside the relevant government circles), or simply cannot be linked to the sponsor (i.e., covert: it is known that sabotage is taking place, but its sponsor is unknown).
Despite interagency coordination mechanisms, the United States is too pluralistic to achieve full coordination between all the overt and covert means of exercising influence abroad. Other major differences are in scope, intensity, and importance attributed to active measures and covert action, and in immunity from legal and political constraints."