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Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure [1] or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours). [ 2 ] To be described as acute toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.
The threshold dose is only a measure of acute toxicity since the drug or toxic substance investigated is administered at once. The consequence of long-term administration remains unknown. [ 27 ] As the threshold dose is the measured minimal response, its accuracy heavily depends on the machinery used.
Additionally, chronic toxicity tests tend to require significantly more attention and resources than acute tests which makes them much less feasible for basing decisions off of in a timely manner. The need for development of more advanced statistical methods, and uniformity in using these methods by regulators has been made apparent in literature.
Negative values of the decimal logarithm of the median lethal dose LD 50 (−log 10 (LD 50)) on a linearized toxicity scale encompassing 11 orders of magnitude. Water occupies the lowest toxicity position (1) while the toxicity scale is dominated by the botulinum toxin (12). [107] The LD 50 values have a very wide range.
U.S. Army Public Health Center Toxicology Lab technician assessing samples. Toxicology testing, also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is the process of determining the degree to which a substance of interest negatively impacts the normal biological functions of an organism, given a certain exposure duration, route of exposure, and substance concentration.
Factors that influence chemical toxicity include the dosage, duration of exposure (whether it is acute or chronic), route of exposure, species, age, sex, and environment. Toxicologists are experts on poisons and poisoning. There is a movement for evidence-based toxicology as part of the larger movement towards evidence-based practices.
The first rodent behavioral study was carried out in 1822, a purely observational study [2], while quantitative rodent behavioral testing began in the late 19th century [1] [2]. Currently, rodents are commonly used in animal testing for physiological, pathological and behavioral scientific studies, particularly mice and rats , but also guinea ...
"The toxicity of any particular chemical depends on many factors, including the extent to which it enters an individual’s body." [ 3 ] This finding also provides the basis for public health standards, which specify maximum acceptable concentrations of various contaminants in food, public drinking water, and the environment.