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Fetal exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke may experience a wide range of behavioral, neurological, and physical difficulties. [9] Adverse effects include stillbirth, placental disruption, prematurity, lower mean birth weight, physical birth defects (cleft palate etc.), decrements in lung function, increased risk of infant mortality. [7]
For example, exposure to a particular toxicant at one time in the pregnancy may result in organ damage and at another time in the pregnancy could cause death of the fetus and miscarriage. There are a number of chemicals, biological agents (such as bacteria and viruses), and physical agents (such as radiation) used in a variety of workplaces ...
Formaldehyde inhaled at this concentration may cause headaches, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing, and can trigger or aggravate asthma symptoms. [70] [71] The CDC considers formaldehyde as a systemic poison. Formaldehyde poisoning can cause permanent changes in the nervous system's functions. [72]
Hepatitis D is a single stranded RNA virus that is spread by exposure to blood, with the main modes of transmission are blood, sexual transmission, or perinatal. There is limited research on the effects of hepatitis D infection on fetal or infant outcomes, but the effects are thought to be similar to those with hepatitis B infection. [20]
With long term exposure of alcohol from the pregnant individual to newborn infant, there are withdrawal symptoms from the central nervous system depressant. These traits were characterized by tremors, hypertonia , restlessness, excessive mouthing movements, inconsolable crying and reflex abnormalities.
Exposure to environmental toxins in pregnancy lead to higher rates of miscarriage, sterility, and birth defects. Toxins include fetal exposure to lead, mercury, and ethanol or hazardous environments. Prenatal exposure to mercury may lead to physical deformation, difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and poor motoric coordination. [55]
Syphilis may be transmitted from mother to the fetus during any stage of pregnancy. [18] It is most commonly transmitted via cross placental transfer of Treponema pallidum bacteria from mother to the fetus during pregnancy with transmission via exposure to genital lesions during childbirth being less common. [18]
Exposure during weeks five through eight creates a 22% chance, while weeks 9–12, a 7% chance exists, followed by 6% if the exposure is during the 13th-16th weeks. Exposure during the first eight weeks of development can also lead to premature birth and fetal death. These numbers are calculated from immediate inspection of the infant after birth.