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Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), also known as hyperosmolar non-ketotic state (HONK), is a complication of diabetes mellitus in which high blood sugar results in high osmolarity without significant ketoacidosis. [4] [5] Symptoms include signs of dehydration, weakness, leg cramps, vision problems, and an altered level of consciousness. [2]
Hyperosmolar syndrome or diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome is a medical emergency caused by a very high blood glucose level. The prefix "hyper-" means high, and "osmolarity" is a measure of the concentration of active particles in a solution, so the name of the syndrome simply refers to the high concentration of glucose in the blood.
Acute complications are complications that develop rapidly and can be exemplified as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), lactic acidosis (LA), and hypoglycemia. [1] Chronic complications develop over time and are generally classified in two categories: microvascular and macrovascular .
Chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) injures the heart in patients without a history of heart disease or diabetes and is strongly associated with heart attacks and death in subjects with no coronary heart disease or history of heart failure. [22] Also, a life-threatening consequence of hyperglycemia can be nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. [16]
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is another emergency characterized by dehydration secondary to severe hyperglycemia, with resultant hypernatremia leading to an altered mental state and possibly coma. [26] Hypoglycemia is a recognized complication of insulin treatment used in diabetes. [27]
The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon. [4] [5] Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. [1] Some people are genetically more at risk than others. [6]
Syndrome A set of signs or a series of events occurring together that make up a disease or health problem. Syndrome X/Metabolic syndrome See: Metabolic syndrome. Syringe Systemic Conditions that affect the entire body. Diabetes is a systemic disease because it involves many parts of the body such as the pancreas, eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves.
So when levels of glucose are super high in the blood (meaning it’s a hyperosmolar state), water begins to leave the body’s cells and enter the blood vessels, leaving the cells relatively dry and shriveled rather than full of water. Blood vessels that are full of water lead to increased urination and total body dehydration.