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Some effects of soil liquefaction after the 1964 Niigata earthquake Soil liquefaction allowed this sewer manhole to float upward and breach the pavement during the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake Soil liquefaction in Christchurch. The 2011 earthquake caused a layer of water and fine sand to collect on the surface of this street.
The Atterberg limits are a basic measure of the critical water contents of a fine-grained soil: its shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit. Depending on its water content, soil may appear in one of four states: solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid. In each state, the consistency and behavior of soil are different, and consequently so ...
The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) index of irrigation water or soil water is used to indicate the alkalinity hazard for soil. The RSC index is used to find the suitability of the water for irrigation in clay soils which have a high cation exchange capacity. When dissolved sodium in comparison with dissolved calcium and magnesium is high in ...
In materials science, liquefaction [1] is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas [2] or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. [3] It occurs both naturally and artificially .
The Plasticity Index of a particular soil specimen is defined as the difference between the Liquid Limit and the Plastic Limit of the specimen; it is an indicator of how much water the soil particles in the specimen can absorb, and correlates with many engineering properties like permeability, compressibility, shear strength and others ...
The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is an irrigation water quality parameter used in the management of sodium-affected soils.It is an indicator of the suitability of water for use in agricultural irrigation, as determined from the concentrations of the main alkaline and earth alkaline cations present in the water.
When a structure is subjected to an earthquake excitation, it interacts with the foundation and the soil, and thus changes the motion of the ground. Soil-structure interaction broadly can be divided into two phenomena: a) kinematic interaction and b) inertial interaction. Earthquake ground motion causes soil displacement known as free-field ...
The pre-consolidation pressure evolves as the void ratio (and therefore the specific volume ) of the soil changes. A commonly used relation is = [] where is the virgin compression index of the soil. A limitation of this model is the possibility of negative specific volumes at realistic values of stress.