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Experimental research among civilians, law enforcement agencies, militaries, and ammunition companies is constantly ongoing. Factors that can influence handgun effectiveness include handgun design, bullet type, and bullet capabilities (e.g. wound mechanisms, penetration, velocity, and weight). [1]
The gun acquires a rearward velocity that is ratio of this momentum by the mass of the gun: the heavier the gun, the slower the rearward velocity. As an example, a 8 g (124 gr) bullet of 9×19mm Parabellum flying forward at 350 m/s muzzle speed generates a momentum to push a 0.8 kg pistol firing it at 3.5 m/s rearward, if unopposed by the shooter.
For a constant velocity, if the mass is doubled, the energy is doubled; however, for a constant mass, if the velocity is doubled, the muzzle energy increases four times. In the SI system the above E k will be in unit joules if the mass, m, is in kilograms, and the speed, v, is in metres per second. [1]
Light weight non-expanding projectiles pushed at a relatively high rate of speed are also utilized, generally for close ranged applications well inside 100 yards. The light for caliber bullets will transfer energy to a given medium more rapidly, yet with consistent penetration characteristics relative to their sectional density and a constant ...
Let m b and v b stand for the mass and velocity of the bullet, the latter just before hitting the target, and let m t and v t stand for the mass and velocity of the target after being hit. Conservation of momentum requires m b v b = m t v t. Solving for the target's velocity gives v t = m b v b / m t = 0.016 kg × 360 m/s / 77 kg = 0.07 m/s = 0 ...
For projectiles in unpowered flight, its velocity is highest at leaving the muzzle and drops off steadily because of air resistance.Projectiles traveling less than the speed of sound (about 340 m/s (1,100 ft/s) in dry air at sea level) are subsonic, while those traveling faster are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance and even hit a target before a nearby observer hears the ...
The initial velocity (Vo) and real muzzle velocity (Vr) difference. During the first part of the intermediate ballistics period the real velocity of the projectile increases. It is caused by the propellant gases exiting the muzzle. For that reason the real maximum projectile velocity (Vmax) is higher than the real muzzle velocity (Vr).
Also, recoil can alternatively be measured by recoil velocity or recoil energy instead of by recoil impulse. An alternative formula for simplified recoil measurement which also takes into account firearm weight, gun powder weight and the velocity of the gun powder gases has been suggested: [6]