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Prevalence increases with age. The prevalence of nocturia in older men is about 78%. Older men have a higher incidence of LUTS than older women. [25] Around one third of men will develop urinary tract (outflow) symptoms, of which the principal underlying cause is benign prostatic hyperplasia. [26]
A 2018 Cochrane review of studies on men over 60 with moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms analyzed the impacts of phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE) in comparison to other drugs. [90] These drugs may improve urinary symptoms slightly and reduce urinary bother but may also cause more side effects compared to placebo.
When the onset is sudden, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain. [1] When of gradual onset, symptoms may include loss of bladder control, mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream. [1] Those with long-term problems are at risk of urinary tract infections. [1]
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), previously known as chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, is long-term pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) without evidence of a bacterial infection. [3] It affects about 2–6% of men. [3] Together with IC/BPS, it makes up urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS). [4]
An enlarged prostate is common in older men and typically carries symptoms of lower urinary tract problems, which can become bladder problems over time. Tadalafil is typically taken daily for BPH.
Females have a comparatively shorter and straight urethra, whereas males have a longer and curved urethra. In females, bacteria can reach the bladder more easily, as they have less distance to travel. Most urinary tract infections are uncomplicated. [3] Chlamydia; Cystitis; Hemorrhagic cystitis; Kidney stones
It is estimated to be present in as low as 0.02% of all women and as high as 6% of all women, and 40% of women with lower urinary tract symptoms. [1] [2] Most symptomatic urethral diverticula are present in women from 30 to 60 years old. [3] 84% of periurethral masses are due to urethral diverticula. [1]
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