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The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see Ionization energies of the elements (data page). All data from rutherfordium onwards is ...
The first of these quantities is used in atomic physics, the second in chemistry, but both refer to the same basic property of the element. To convert from "value of ionization energy" to the corresponding "value of molar ionization energy", the conversion is: 1 eV = 96.48534 kJ/mol 1 kJ/mol = 0.0103642688 eV [12]
Ionization energy is positive for neutral atoms, meaning that the ionization is an endothermic process. Roughly speaking, the closer the outermost electrons are to the nucleus of the atom, the higher the atom's ionization energy. In physics, ionization energy (IE) is usually expressed in electronvolts (eV) or joules (J).
From Koopmans’ theorem the energy of the 1b 1 HOMO corresponds to the ionization energy to form the H 2 O + ion in its ground state (1a 1) 2 (2a 1) 2 (1b 2) 2 (3a 1) 2 (1b 1) 1. The energy of the second-highest MO 3a 1 refers to the ion in the excited state (1a 1) 2 (2a 1) 2 (1b 2) 2 (3a 1) 1 (1b 1) 2, and so on. In this case the order of the ...
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
where M is the molar mass of the substance (usually given in SI units of grams per mole) and v is the valency of the ions. For Faraday's first law, M, F, v are constants; thus, the larger the value of Q, the larger m will be.
A closely related property of a substance is the heat capacity per mole of atoms, or atom-molar heat capacity, in which the heat capacity of the sample is divided by the number of moles of atoms instead of moles of molecules. So, for example, the atom-molar heat capacity of water is 1/3 of its molar heat capacity, namely 25.3 J⋅K −1 ⋅mol ...
The Born–Landé equation is a means of calculating the lattice energy of a crystalline ionic compound. In 1918 [ 1 ] Max Born and Alfred Landé proposed that the lattice energy could be derived from the electrostatic potential of the ionic lattice and a repulsive potential energy term.