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In electric clocks, the power source is either a battery or the AC power line. In clocks that use AC power, a small backup battery is often included to keep the clock running if it is unplugged temporarily from the wall or during a power outage. Battery-powered analog wall clocks are available that operate over 15 years between battery changes.
Smaller clocks and watches with a spiral-balance are made on the same principles as pendulum clocks. In 1918, Henry Ellis Warren invented the first synchronous electric clock in Ashland, MA, which kept time from the oscillations of the power grid. [7] [8] In 1931, the Synclock was the first commercial synchronous electric clock sold in the UK. [8]
Watches using this technology include Timex M87/Laco 882, Citizen X-8 series and Seiko Electronic 31A. Another common example is ESA Dynotron cal. 9150. Tuning fork watches: Instead of a balance wheel, these watches used a tuning fork driven by a solenoid powered by a one-transistor oscillator circuit and no mechanical contacts. [8]
Clock mainspring A pendulum wall clock movement showing the two mainsprings which power it. This is a striking clock which sounds the hours on a chime; one of the springs powers the timekeeping gear train while the other powers the striking train. A mainspring is a spiral torsion spring of metal ribbon—commonly spring steel—used as a power ...
The concept is similar to that of self-winding spring movements, except that electrical power is generated instead of mechanical spring tension. Solar powered watches are powered by light. A photovoltaic cell on the face of the watch converts light to electricity, which is used to charge a rechargeable battery or capacitor. The movement of the ...
Keys of various sizes for winding up mainsprings on clocks Mechanism of a Wall Clock, Ansonia Co. 1904. The stored amounts of energy used by a given piece during its operation is often housed within it; this frequently happens via a winding device that applies mechanical stress to an energy-storage mechanism such as a mainspring, thus involving some form of escapement.
The hand-winding movement of a Russian watch. A mechanical watch is a watch that uses a clockwork mechanism to measure the passage of time, as opposed to quartz watches which function using the vibration modes of a piezoelectric quartz tuning fork, or radio watches, which are quartz watches synchronized to an atomic clock via radio waves.
Lavet-type stepping motor of a quartz clock. A black rotor sprocket provides the mechanical output. The Lavet-type stepping motor has widespread use as a drive in electro-mechanical clocks [1] and is a special kind of single-phase stepping motor. Both analog and stepped-movement quartz clocks use the Lavet-type stepping motor (see Quartz clock).