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This is a list of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves, and low-pressure gas-filled tubes, or discharge tubes. Before the advent of semiconductor devices, thousands of tube types were used in consumer electronics. Many industrial, military or otherwise professional tubes were also produced.
0.1 mPa is the lowest direct measurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-dependent properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated to SI units by a direct measurement, most commonly a McLeod gauge. [22]
Triode "continuous wave" radio transmitters replaced the cumbersome inefficient "damped wave" spark-gap transmitters, allowing the transmission of sound by amplitude modulation (AM). Amplifying triode radio receivers , which had the power to drive loudspeakers , replaced weak crystal radios , which had to be listened to with earphones ...
The scheme above presents three pressure transmitters (PT) connected to a logic solver. The solver will decide based on 2-out-of-3 voting whether or not to activate the final element. the 1oo2 solenoid panel decides which valve to be closed. The final elements consist here of two block valves that stop flow to the downstream facilities (right ...
Common rail fuel system on a Volvo truck engine. In 1916 Vickers pioneered the use of mechanical common rail systems in G-class submarine engines. For every 90° of rotation, four plunger pumps allowed a constant injection pressure of 3,000 pounds per square inch (210 bar; 21 MPa), with fuel delivery to individual cylinders being shut off by valves in the injector lines. [1]
Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform voltage or current levels. The most common usage of instrument transformers is to operate instruments or metering from high voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary control circuitry from the high voltages or currents.
TWTA transmitters are used extensively in radar, particularly in airborne fire-control radar systems, and in electronic warfare and self-protection systems. [23] In such applications, a control grid is typically introduced between the TWT's electron gun and slow-wave structure to allow pulsed operation.
The Siemens process is the most commonly used method of polysilicon production, especially for electronics, [12] with close to 75% of the world's production using this process as of 2005. [ 13 ] The process converts metallurgical-grade Si , of approximately 98% purity, to SiHCl 3 and then to silicon in a reactor, thus removing transition metal ...